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  • How is high fluoride industrial wastewater treated?
  • Through a chemical reaction, calcium ion and fluoride ion combine to form CaF 2 as precipitates, and finally, fluoride is separated by precipitation process. At present, this is the significant treatment technology for high fluoride industrial wastewater.
  • What techniques are used to remove fluoride contaminants/pollutants/species from water?
  • This book presents an overview of the techniques available today for the removal of fluoride contamination/pollutants/species from water. Also covered are traditionally applied techniques for the removal of fluoride pollutants/species, including oxidation, coagulation-flocculation, and membrane techniques.
  • Which method of fluoride removal is best?
  • Among the various fluoride removal methods, adsorption is the method most popularly used due to its cheap cost, ease of utilization, and being a scalable and simple physical technique. According to the findings of this study, the highest concentration of fluoride (0.1–15.0 mg/L) was found in Sweden and the lowest (0.03–1.14 mg/L) in Italy.
  • How to remove fluoride from wastewater?
  • Among them, chemical precipitation and membrane separation have been widely applied for high fluoride-containing wastewater treatment. Chemical precipitation (Ca2+ + 2 F − ↔ CaF 2) by adding calcium salt is a cost-effective method for removing fluoride from fluoride-containing wastewater ( Lacson et al., 2021a; Won et al., 2012 ).