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  • Can cationic Pam be used as a surface sizing additive?
  • This study was focused on the use of cationic PAM as a surface sizing additive to improve the surface sizing properties of paper. The effect of various cationic PAMs as surface sizing additives for improving starch holdout and bending stiffness was investigated.
  • Why is cationic Pam used in oxidized starch solution?
  • The addition of cationic PAM to oxidized starch solution made starch molecules stay on the paper surface rather than penetrating into the paper structure. Surface sizing is employed to increase the wetting resistance against liquids and to improve strength and surface properties of paper.
  • Does cationic Pam affect optical properties of paper?
  • The penetration of starch affects the optical properties of paper (Lee et al. 2002; Hubbe and Gill 2016). To investigate the effect of cationic PAM on optical properties of paper, the brightness and opacity were determined after surface sizing using cationic PAMs and SA as additives (Fig. 2). The brightness of unsized base paper was 83.1%.
  • Can cationic Pam additives improve bending stiffness of paper?
  • Penetration phenomena of the surface sizing agents into paper and the enthalpy changes accompanying the mixing of cationic PAMs with oxidized starch were investigated to evaluate the hypothesis that the bending stiffness of paper can be improved by the addition of cationic PAM additives to surface sizing solution.